The bladder is a hollow, balloon-shaped organ in the lower part of the abdomen that stores urine. The bladder is susceptible to cancers, including a type called urothelial carcinoma. Cancer begins in the urothelial cells, which line the urethra, ureters, bladder, pelvis, renal, and other organs. Urothelial cancer or carcinoma is also known as transitional cell carcinoma as the cells here can change shape. The condition affects the bladder’s ability to function properly. Symptoms Urothelial carcinoma may not cause symptoms right away. However, blood in the urine is one of the first noticeable signs of the condition. Other symptoms include: Tiredness Persistent back pain A lump or mass in the kidney region Low-grade fever Causes and risk factors The cause of urothelial carcinoma is yet to be determined. But healthcare professionals have associated the development of cancer in the bladder and kidneys with the following risk factors: Age: One might be at an increased risk of developing urothelial cancer as they get older, especially at ages 55 and above. However, the condition can develop at any age. Gender: Men are at a greater risk of developing various types of bladder cancers than women. Exposure to toxins: Exposure to arsenic and chemicals used for manufacturing dyes, leather, rubber, textiles, and paint products may also increase the risk of urothelial carcinoma. This is because the kidneys play an important role in filtering harmful chemicals from the bloodstream and moving them to the bladder. So, long-term exposure to such chemicals during filtration might increase the risk of bladder cancer. Prescription options: Treatment with anti-cancer prescriptions or those who have received radiation treatments aimed at the pelvis are at a higher risk of developing cancer in the bladder. Family history of the condition: One might be at a higher risk of developing the disease if their blood relatives, such as a parent, sibling, or child, have been affected by some form of bladder cancer.

Schizophrenia is a chronic cognitive disorder that usually affects adults. Some of the initial symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, impaired logical reasoning, speech problems, and unexpected changes in behavior. The condition progresses with no consistent pattern, so each individual with the disorder may be affected in a unique way over time. However, one can find management options to prevent symptoms from worsening. So, here are some useful tips for dealing with schizophrenia symptoms: Seek treatment Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the chances of leading a healthy life with the condition. So, it is important for friends and family members of the affected person to self-educate and learn more about the condition. This way, caregivers can inform doctors about the progression to develop a proper course of action. Understanding the symptoms and the impact of the condition will also make it easy to explain its progression to the affected person so they can be prepared for treatment. Recognize the importance of prescriptions Schizophrenia does not have a permanent cure, but prescriptions, treatments, and therapies can help prevent most symptoms from worsening. Schizophrenia progresses with no consistent pattern in the positive, negative, or disorganized symptoms, but a supervised course of prescriptions is one of the first steps in coping with the symptoms. It is necessary for caregivers, friends, and family members to establish the importance of such options and encourage patients to take their prescriptions on time. Accept the diagnosis After receiving a diagnosis, it can be difficult for one to accept that they are dealing with a psychiatric disorder. Caregivers, family members, and friends must actively boost the patient’s morale and help them accept, understand, and adapt to the situation. It is important to overcome the stigma created around mental disorders, as these notions can impact the ability to accept the disorder.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a sexually transmitted disease that is a common health concern around the world. From a weakened immune system to neurological issues, the disease can affect health, physical and mental, as well as daily life. Taking preventive measures and seeking early diagnosis and appropriate care can help mitigate the disease risk. Here are a few preventive measures one can take to be better equipped to combat the virus: Practicing safe sex The exchange of bodily fluids during intercourse puts one at a greater risk of contracting the disease. Some measures to ensure safe sexual practices include the correct use of condoms. The barrier devices are designed to protect both male and female bodies. Apart from this, if a partner has been diagnosed with HIV, one can engage in intimate activities that do not involve sex to reduce the chances of contracting the infection. It is important to communicate and practice safe sex. Seeking education and awareness Education plays an important role in preventing HIV transmission. Being aware of the disease, the ways it can spread, and its effects can empower one to make informed decisions. Many schools, community centers, and healthcare facilities run awareness campaigns and educational programs on HIV and promote safe sex practices. This can encourage a culture of openness, understanding, and acceptance. Further, one can look for outreach programs that interact with marginalized populations, such as sex workers and those on the LGBTQ+ spectrum at risk of HIV. They can address unique needs to reduce vulnerability to infection. Testing and counseling One can also get tested for sexually transmitted infections. Many healthcare facilities and community centers provide accessible and confidential testing methods. Additionally, if at risk of HIV, one can seek counseling to deal with the infection. Professionals provide emotional support, guidance regarding the best treatment options, and information on strategies to reduce the risk of AIDS.

Uterine cancer, or uterus cancer, is the term used to describe cancer that develops in the uterus. This condition is classified into two broad types – endometrial cancer, i.e., cancer of the endometrium or the inner lining of the uterus, and uterine sarcoma, i.e., cancer of the myometrium or the uterus’ muscular wall. Endometrial cancer is the more prevalent type of uterine cancer. This article describes uterine cancer, its causes, symptoms, and interventions. Causes and risk factors Genetic predisposition Individuals with family histories of Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), are more at risk of developing uterine cancer. Moreover, Lynch syndrome often occurs as a comorbidity with uterine cancer. About 2% to 5% of women with uterine cancer are also diagnosed with Lynch syndrome. Genetic predisposition to colon cancer can also contribute to the prevalence of uterine cancer. Age Uterine cancer typically occurs among individuals over 50 years of age. The average age of diagnosis of the condition is 60 years. Thus, age acts as a major risk factor for the onset of uterine cancer. High body mass index Body mass index, or BMI, is expressed as one’s body mass divided by the square of one’s body height. High BMI scores can indicate excessive calories in the body. Individuals with high BMI are more susceptible to developing uterine cancer than those with lower BMI scores. Symptoms of uterine cancer Abnormal vaginal bleeding Individuals with uterine cancer may experience abnormal vaginal bleeding between their menstrual cycles or after menopause. Clear vaginal discharge post menopause Clear or thin white vaginal discharge after menopause is one of the symptoms faced by women grappling with uterine cancer. Pain and cramping in the lower abdomen Another common symptom of uterine cancer is pain and cramping in the lower abdomen, situated just below the stomach.

Uterine cancer, or uterus cancer, is the term used to describe cancer that develops in the uterus. This condition is classified into two broad types – endometrial cancer, i.e., cancer of the endometrium or the inner lining of the uterus, and uterine sarcoma, i.e., cancer of the myometrium or the uterus’ muscular wall. Endometrial cancer is the more prevalent type of uterine cancer. This article describes uterine cancer, its causes, symptoms, and interventions. Causes and risk factors Genetic predisposition Individuals with family histories of Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), are more at risk of developing uterine cancer. Moreover, Lynch syndrome often occurs as a comorbidity with uterine cancer. About 2% to 5% of women with uterine cancer are also diagnosed with Lynch syndrome. Genetic predisposition to colon cancer can also contribute to the prevalence of uterine cancer. Age Uterine cancer typically occurs among individuals over 50 years of age. The average age of diagnosis of the condition is 60 years. Thus, age acts as a major risk factor for the onset of uterine cancer. High body mass index Body mass index, or BMI, is expressed as one’s body mass divided by the square of one’s body height. High BMI scores can indicate excessive calories in the body. Individuals with high BMI are more susceptible to developing uterine cancer than those with lower BMI scores. Symptoms of uterine cancer Abnormal vaginal bleeding Individuals with uterine cancer may experience abnormal vaginal bleeding between their menstrual cycles or after menopause. Clear vaginal discharge post menopause Clear or thin white vaginal discharge after menopause is one of the symptoms faced by women grappling with uterine cancer. Pain and cramping in the lower abdomen Another common symptom of uterine cancer is pain and cramping in the lower abdomen, situated just below the stomach.

The bladder is a hollow, balloon-shaped organ in the lower part of the abdomen that stores urine. The bladder is susceptible to cancers, including a type called urothelial carcinoma. Cancer begins in the urothelial cells, which line the urethra, ureters, bladder, pelvis, renal, and other organs. Urothelial cancer or carcinoma is also known as transitional cell carcinoma as the cells here can change shape. The condition affects the bladder’s ability to function properly. Symptoms Urothelial carcinoma may not cause symptoms right away. However, blood in the urine is one of the first noticeable signs of the condition. Other symptoms include: Tiredness Persistent back pain A lump or mass in the kidney region Low-grade fever Causes and risk factors The cause of urothelial carcinoma is yet to be determined. But healthcare professionals have associated the development of cancer in the bladder and kidneys with the following risk factors: Age: One might be at an increased risk of developing urothelial cancer as they get older, especially at ages 55 and above. However, the condition can develop at any age. Gender: Men are at a greater risk of developing various types of bladder cancers than women. Exposure to toxins: Exposure to arsenic and chemicals used for manufacturing dyes, leather, rubber, textiles, and paint products may also increase the risk of urothelial carcinoma. This is because the kidneys play an important role in filtering harmful chemicals from the bloodstream and moving them to the bladder. So, long-term exposure to such chemicals during filtration might increase the risk of bladder cancer. Prescription options: Treatment with anti-cancer prescriptions or those who have received radiation treatments aimed at the pelvis are at a higher risk of developing cancer in the bladder. Family history of the condition: One might be at a higher risk of developing the disease if their blood relatives, such as a parent, sibling, or child, have been affected by some form of bladder cancer.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a sexually transmitted disease that is a common health concern around the world. From a weakened immune system to neurological issues, the disease can affect health, physical and mental, as well as daily life. Taking preventive measures and seeking early diagnosis and appropriate care can help mitigate the disease risk. Here are a few preventive measures one can take to be better equipped to combat the virus: Practicing safe sex The exchange of bodily fluids during intercourse puts one at a greater risk of contracting the disease. The barrier devices are designed to protect both male and female bodies. Apart from this, if a partner has been diagnosed with HIV, one can engage in intimate activities that do not involve sex to reduce the chances of contracting the infection. It is important to communicate and practice safe sex. Seeking education and awareness Education plays an important role in preventing HIV transmission. Being aware of the disease, the ways it can spread, and its effects can empower one to make informed decisions. Many schools, community centers, and healthcare facilities run awareness campaigns and educational programs on HIV and promote safe sex practices. This can encourage a culture of openness, understanding, and acceptance. Further, one can look for outreach programs that interact with marginalized populations, such as sex workers and those on the LGBTQ+ spectrum at risk of HIV. They can address unique needs to reduce vulnerability to infection. Testing and counseling One can also get tested for sexually transmitted infections. Many healthcare facilities and community centers provide accessible and confidential testing methods. Additionally, if at risk of HIV, one can seek counseling to deal with the infection. Professionals provide emotional support, guidance regarding the best treatment options, and information on strategies to reduce the risk of AIDS.

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies trigger the destruction of vital nerve links responsible for muscle control. The condition usually affects women between the ages of 20 and 30 and men over 50. Myasthenia gravis is a chronic disease with progressive symptoms that do not have a permanent cure, but they can be managed with treatment options. Here are some of the symptoms one can experience when affected by the disease: Eye problems People commonly experience drooping eyelids on either one or both eyes coupled with vertical or horizontal double vision. This condition is also known as ocular myasthenia because the symptoms are limited to the eye muscles. Trouble eating With muscle weakness in the jaws, basic tasks like chewing food or drinking liquids can also become challenging. One may also get tired eating halfway through a meal. Changes in facial expression Some people also experience a change in facial expression due to compromised muscle tone. For instance, those affected might be trying to smile as they usually do, but the condition can make it seem like they are snarling. Additionally, myasthenia gravis can predominantly affect the facial region, starting with the muscles that control speech triggering impaired speech and a nasal voice. Weak neck muscles As muscle weakness spreads, it becomes difficult to hold up one’s head. This happens because the neck muscles start to collapse and deteriorate. Muscle fatigue Excessive fatigue may also set in, affecting other muscles in the limbs and the rest of the body. This symptom affects basic mobility, including simple tasks like walking, using the arms and legs for basic maneuvering, or even handling daily objects. These symptoms develop as the disease affects voluntary muscle groups (eye, mouth, and limbs). If the affected person starts experiencing difficulty breathing, swelling, chewing, walking, or experiencing persistent vision problems, they should seek immediate help from a healthcare professional.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the estimated number of people around the world affected by depression are around 350 million. It is the most common illness worldwide and is a leading cause of disability. WHO states that it is a common mental disorder that is characterized by persistent sadness and a loss of interest in activities that a person usually enjoys, accompanied by an inability to carry out daily activities for at least two full weeks. What causes depression? While the cause of depression is not fully understood, it is likely to be a complex combination of genetic, environmental, and biological and psychosocial factors. Also, while depression can affect people of all ages from all walks of life, poverty, unemployment, life events like the death of a loved one or a relationship break-up, and physical illness are likely to increase the risk. The symptoms involve losing interest in doing things that one would usually enjoy, change in appetite and sleep patterns, and feeling sad for at least 2 weeks. Approaches to treat depression If the symptoms persist for more than two weeks, patients are advised to get professional help from a therapist who can evaluate the symptoms and recommend the right approach for treatment. It is a condition that can be treated by therapy, prescribed treatment options, or both, and the treatment approaches vary depending on the type of depression. Here are some psychotherapy approaches to know about: Interpersonal therapy (IPT) This approach focuses on the past and present social roles and interpersonal interactions of the patient and attempts to help them find better ways to deal with their current problems. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) It focuses on helping patients understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behavior. Additionally, this approach helps patients identify and change destructive or disturbing thought patterns that affect them negatively.